java_cup.runtime
Class lr_parser

java.lang.Object
  java_cup.runtime.lr_parser

Direct Known Subclasses:

CompParser

public abstract class lr_parser
extends java.lang.Object

This class implements a skeleton table driven LR parser. In general, LR parsers are a form of bottom up shift-reduce parsers. Shift-reduce parsers act by shifting input onto a parse stack until the Symbols matching the right hand side of a production appear on the top of the stack. Once this occurs, a reduce is performed. This involves removing the Symbols corresponding to the right hand side of the production (the so called "handle") and replacing them with the non-terminal from the left hand side of the production.

To control the decision of whether to shift or reduce at any given point, the parser uses a state machine (the "viable prefix recognition machine" built by the parser generator). The current state of the machine is placed on top of the parse stack (stored as part of a Symbol object representing a terminal or non terminal). The parse action table is consulted (using the current state and the current lookahead Symbol as indexes) to determine whether to shift or to reduce. When the parser shifts, it changes to a new state by pushing a new Symbol (containing a new state) onto the stack. When the parser reduces, it pops the handle (right hand side of a production) off the stack. This leaves the parser in the state it was in before any of those Symbols were matched. Next the reduce-goto table is consulted (using the new state and current lookahead Symbol as indexes) to determine a new state to go to. The parser then shifts to this goto state by pushing the left hand side Symbol of the production (also containing the new state) onto the stack.

This class actually provides four LR parsers. The methods parse() and debug_parse() provide two versions of the main parser (the only difference being that debug_parse() emits debugging trace messages as it parses). In addition to these main parsers, the error recovery mechanism uses two more. One of these is used to simulate "parsing ahead" in the input without carrying out actions (to verify that a potential error recovery has worked), and the other is used to parse through buffered "parse ahead" input in order to execute all actions and re-synchronize the actual parser configuration.

This is an abstract class which is normally filled out by a subclass generated by the JavaCup parser generator. In addition to supplying the actual parse tables, generated code also supplies methods which invoke various pieces of user supplied code, provide access to certain special Symbols (e.g., EOF and error), etc. Specifically, the following abstract methods are normally supplied by generated code:

short[][] production_table()

Provides a reference to the production table (indicating the index of the left hand side non terminal and the length of the right hand side for each production in the grammar).

short[][] action_table()

Provides a reference to the parse action table.

short[][] reduce_table()

Provides a reference to the reduce-goto table.

int start_state()

Indicates the index of the start state.

int start_production()

Indicates the index of the starting production.

int EOF_sym()

Indicates the index of the EOF Symbol.

int error_sym()

Indicates the index of the error Symbol.

Symbol do_action()

Executes a piece of user supplied action code. This always comes at the point of a reduce in the parse, so this code also allocates and fills in the left hand side non terminal Symbol object that is to be pushed onto the stack for the reduce.

void init_actions()

Code to initialize a special object that encapsulates user supplied actions (this object is used by do_action() to actually carry out the actions).

In addition to these routines that must be supplied by the generated subclass there are also a series of routines that may be supplied. These include:

Symbol scan()

Used to get the next input Symbol from the scanner.

Scanner getScanner()

Used to provide a scanner for the default implementation of scan().

int error_sync_size()

This determines how many Symbols past the point of an error must be parsed without error in order to consider a recovery to be valid. This defaults to 3. Values less than 2 are not recommended.

void report_error(String message, Object info)

This method is called to report an error. The default implementation simply prints a message to System.err and where the error occurred. This method is often replaced in order to provide a more sophisticated error reporting mechanism.

void report_fatal_error(String message, Object info)

This method is called when a fatal error that cannot be recovered from is encountered. In the default implementation, it calls report_error() to emit a message, then throws an exception.

void syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)

This method is called as soon as syntax error is detected (but before recovery is attempted). In the default implementation it invokes: report_error("Syntax error", null);

void unrecovered_syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)

This method is called if syntax error recovery fails. In the default implementation it invokes:
report_fatal_error("Couldn't repair and continue parse", null);

Version:

last updated: 7/3/96

Author:

Frank Flannery

See Also:

Symbol, Symbol, virtual_parse_stack

Field Summary

protected boolean	_done_parsing Internal flag to indicate when parser should quit.
protected static int	_error_sync_size The default number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider it recovered from.
protected short[][]	action_tab Direct reference to the action table.
protected Symbol	cur_token The current lookahead Symbol.
protected Symbol[]	lookahead Lookahead Symbols used for attempting error recovery "parse aheads".
protected int	lookahead_pos Position in lookahead input buffer used for "parse ahead".
protected short[][]	production_tab Direct reference to the production table.
protected short[][]	reduce_tab Direct reference to the reduce-goto table.
protected java.util.Stack	stack The parse stack itself.
SymbolFactory	symbolFactory
protected int	tos Indication of the index for top of stack (for use by actions).

Constructor Summary

lr_parser()
Simple constructor.

lr_parser(Scanner s)
Constructor that sets the default scanner.

lr_parser(Scanner s, SymbolFactory symfac)
Constructor that sets the default scanner and a SymbolFactory

Method Summary

abstract short[][]	action_table() The action table (supplied by generated subclass).
protected boolean	advance_lookahead() Advance to next "parse ahead" input Symbol.
protected Symbol	cur_err_token() Return the current lookahead in our error "parse ahead" buffer.
void	debug_message(java.lang.String mess) Write a debugging message to System.err for the debugging version of the parser.
Symbol	debug_parse() Perform a parse with debugging output.
void	debug_reduce(int prod_num, int nt_num, int rhs_size) Do debug output for a reduce.
void	debug_shift(Symbol shift_tkn) Do debug output for shift.
void	debug_stack() Do debug output for stack state.
abstract Symbol	do_action(int act_num, lr_parser parser, java.util.Stack stack, int top) Perform a bit of user supplied action code (supplied by generated subclass).
void	done_parsing() This method is called to indicate that the parser should quit.
void	dump_stack() Dump the parse stack for debugging purposes.
abstract int	EOF_sym() The index of the end of file terminal Symbol (supplied by generated subclass).
protected boolean	error_recovery(boolean debug) Attempt to recover from a syntax error.
abstract int	error_sym() The index of the special error Symbol (supplied by generated subclass).
protected int	error_sync_size() The number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider it recovered from.
protected boolean	find_recovery_config(boolean debug) Put the (real) parse stack into error recovery configuration by popping the stack down to a state that can shift on the special error Symbol, then doing the shift.
protected short	get_action(int state, int sym) Fetch an action from the action table.
protected short	get_reduce(int state, int sym) Fetch a state from the reduce-goto table.
Scanner	getScanner() Simple accessor method to get the default scanner.
SymbolFactory	getSymbolFactory() Whenever creation of a new Symbol is necessary, one should use this factory.
protected abstract void	init_actions() Initialize the action object.
protected void	parse_lookahead(boolean debug) Parse forward using stored lookahead Symbols.
Symbol	parse() This method provides the main parsing routine.
abstract short[][]	production_table() Table of production information (supplied by generated subclass).
protected void	read_lookahead() Read from input to establish our buffer of "parse ahead" lookahead Symbols.
abstract short[][]	reduce_table() The reduce-goto table (supplied by generated subclass).
void	report_error(java.lang.String message, java.lang.Object info) Report a non fatal error (or warning).
void	report_fatal_error(java.lang.String message, java.lang.Object info) Report a fatal error.
protected void	restart_lookahead() Reset the parse ahead input to one Symbol past where we started error recovery (this consumes one new Symbol from the real input).
Symbol	scan() Get the next Symbol from the input (supplied by generated subclass).
void	setScanner(Scanner s) Simple accessor method to set the default scanner.
protected boolean	shift_under_error() Determine if we can shift under the special error Symbol out of the state currently on the top of the (real) parse stack.
abstract int	start_production() The index of the start production (supplied by generated subclass).
abstract int	start_state() The index of the start state (supplied by generated subclass).
void	syntax_error(Symbol cur_token) This method is called when a syntax error has been detected and recovery is about to be invoked.
protected boolean	try_parse_ahead(boolean debug) Do a simulated parse forward (a "parse ahead") from the current stack configuration using stored lookahead input and a virtual parse stack.
protected static short[][]	unpackFromStrings(java.lang.String[] sa) Utility function: unpacks parse tables from strings
void	unrecovered_syntax_error(Symbol cur_token) This method is called if it is determined that syntax error recovery has been unsuccessful.
void	user_init() User code for initialization inside the parser.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

symbolFactory

public SymbolFactory symbolFactory

_error_sync_size

protected static final int _error_sync_size

The default number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider it recovered from.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

_done_parsing

protected boolean _done_parsing

Internal flag to indicate when parser should quit.

tos

protected int tos

Indication of the index for top of stack (for use by actions).

cur_token

protected Symbol cur_token

The current lookahead Symbol.

stack

protected java.util.Stack stack

The parse stack itself.

production_tab

protected short[][] production_tab

Direct reference to the production table.

action_tab

protected short[][] action_tab

Direct reference to the action table.

reduce_tab

protected short[][] reduce_tab

Direct reference to the reduce-goto table.

lookahead

protected Symbol[] lookahead

Lookahead Symbols used for attempting error recovery "parse aheads".

lookahead_pos

protected int lookahead_pos

Position in lookahead input buffer used for "parse ahead".

Constructor Detail

lr_parser

public lr_parser()

Simple constructor.

lr_parser

public lr_parser(Scanner s)

Constructor that sets the default scanner. [CSA/davidm]

lr_parser

public lr_parser(Scanner s,
                 SymbolFactory symfac)

Constructor that sets the default scanner and a SymbolFactory

Method Detail

getSymbolFactory

public SymbolFactory getSymbolFactory()

Whenever creation of a new Symbol is necessary, one should use this factory.

error_sync_size

protected int error_sync_size()

The number of Symbols after an error we much match to consider it recovered from.

production_table

public abstract short[][] production_table()

Table of production information (supplied by generated subclass). This table contains one entry per production and is indexed by the negative-encoded values (reduce actions) in the action_table. Each entry has two parts, the index of the non-terminal on the left hand side of the production, and the number of Symbols on the right hand side.

action_table

public abstract short[][] action_table()

The action table (supplied by generated subclass). This table is indexed by state and terminal number indicating what action is to be taken when the parser is in the given state (i.e., the given state is on top of the stack) and the given terminal is next on the input. States are indexed using the first dimension, however, the entries for a given state are compacted and stored in adjacent index, value pairs which are searched for rather than accessed directly (see get_action()). The actions stored in the table will be either shifts, reduces, or errors. Shifts are encoded as positive values (one greater than the state shifted to). Reduces are encoded as negative values (one less than the production reduced by). Error entries are denoted by zero.

See Also:

get_action(int, int)

reduce_table

public abstract short[][] reduce_table()

The reduce-goto table (supplied by generated subclass). This table is indexed by state and non-terminal number and contains state numbers. States are indexed using the first dimension, however, the entries for a given state are compacted and stored in adjacent index, value pairs which are searched for rather than accessed directly (see get_reduce()). When a reduce occurs, the handle (corresponding to the RHS of the matched production) is popped off the stack. The new top of stack indicates a state. This table is then indexed by that state and the LHS of the reducing production to indicate where to "shift" to.

See Also:

get_reduce(int, int)

start_state

public abstract int start_state()

The index of the start state (supplied by generated subclass).

start_production

public abstract int start_production()

The index of the start production (supplied by generated subclass).

EOF_sym

public abstract int EOF_sym()

The index of the end of file terminal Symbol (supplied by generated subclass).

error_sym

public abstract int error_sym()

The index of the special error Symbol (supplied by generated subclass).

done_parsing

public void done_parsing()

This method is called to indicate that the parser should quit. This is normally called by an accept action, but can be used to cancel parsing early in other circumstances if desired.

setScanner

public void setScanner(Scanner s)

Simple accessor method to set the default scanner.

getScanner

public Scanner getScanner()

Simple accessor method to get the default scanner.

do_action

public abstract Symbol do_action(int act_num,
                                 lr_parser parser,
                                 java.util.Stack stack,
                                 int top)
                          throws java.lang.Exception

Perform a bit of user supplied action code (supplied by generated subclass). Actions are indexed by an internal action number assigned at parser generation time.

Parameters:

act_num - the internal index of the action to be performed.

parser - the parser object we are acting for.

stack - the parse stack of that object.

top - the index of the top element of the parse stack.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

user_init

public void user_init()
               throws java.lang.Exception

User code for initialization inside the parser. Typically this initializes the scanner. This is called before the parser requests the first Symbol. Here this is just a placeholder for subclasses that might need this and we perform no action. This method is normally overridden by the generated code using this contents of the "init with" clause as its body.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

init_actions

protected abstract void init_actions()
                              throws java.lang.Exception

Initialize the action object. This is called before the parser does any parse actions. This is filled in by generated code to create an object that encapsulates all action code.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

scan

public Symbol scan()
            throws java.lang.Exception

Get the next Symbol from the input (supplied by generated subclass). Once end of file has been reached, all subsequent calls to scan should return an EOF Symbol (which is Symbol number 0). By default this method returns getScanner().next_token(); this implementation can be overriden by the generated parser using the code declared in the "scan with" clause. Do not recycle objects; every call to scan() should return a fresh object.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

report_fatal_error

public void report_fatal_error(java.lang.String message,
                               java.lang.Object info)
                        throws java.lang.Exception

Report a fatal error. This method takes a message string and an additional object (to be used by specializations implemented in subclasses). Here in the base class a very simple implementation is provided which reports the error then throws an exception.

Parameters:

message - an error message.

info - an extra object reserved for use by specialized subclasses.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

report_error

public void report_error(java.lang.String message,
                         java.lang.Object info)

Report a non fatal error (or warning). This method takes a message string and an additional object (to be used by specializations implemented in subclasses). Here in the base class a very simple implementation is provided which simply prints the message to System.err.

Parameters:

message - an error message.

info - an extra object reserved for use by specialized subclasses.

syntax_error

public void syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
                  throws java.lang.Exception

This method is called when a syntax error has been detected and recovery is about to be invoked. Here in the base class we just emit a "Syntax error" error message.

Parameters:

cur_token - the current lookahead Symbol.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

unrecovered_syntax_error

public void unrecovered_syntax_error(Symbol cur_token)
                              throws java.lang.Exception

This method is called if it is determined that syntax error recovery has been unsuccessful. Here in the base class we report a fatal error.

Parameters:

cur_token - the current lookahead Symbol.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

get_action

protected final short get_action(int state,
                                 int sym)

Fetch an action from the action table. The table is broken up into rows, one per state (rows are indexed directly by state number). Within each row, a list of index, value pairs are given (as sequential entries in the table), and the list is terminated by a default entry (denoted with a Symbol index of -1). To find the proper entry in a row we do a linear or binary search (depending on the size of the row).

Parameters:

state - the state index of the action being accessed.

sym - the Symbol index of the action being accessed.

get_reduce

protected final short get_reduce(int state,
                                 int sym)

Fetch a state from the reduce-goto table. The table is broken up into rows, one per state (rows are indexed directly by state number). Within each row, a list of index, value pairs are given (as sequential entries in the table), and the list is terminated by a default entry (denoted with a Symbol index of -1). To find the proper entry in a row we do a linear search.

Parameters:

state - the state index of the entry being accessed.

sym - the Symbol index of the entry being accessed.

parse

public Symbol parse()
             throws java.lang.Exception

This method provides the main parsing routine. It returns only when done_parsing() has been called (typically because the parser has accepted, or a fatal error has been reported). See the header documentation for the class regarding how shift/reduce parsers operate and how the various tables are used.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

debug_message

public void debug_message(java.lang.String mess)

Write a debugging message to System.err for the debugging version of the parser.

Parameters:

mess - the text of the debugging message.

dump_stack

public void dump_stack()

Dump the parse stack for debugging purposes.

debug_reduce

public void debug_reduce(int prod_num,
                         int nt_num,
                         int rhs_size)

Do debug output for a reduce.

Parameters:

prod_num - the production we are reducing with.

nt_num - the index of the LHS non terminal.

rhs_size - the size of the RHS.

debug_shift

public void debug_shift(Symbol shift_tkn)

Do debug output for shift.

Parameters:

shift_tkn - the Symbol being shifted onto the stack.

debug_stack

public void debug_stack()

Do debug output for stack state. [CSA]

debug_parse

public Symbol debug_parse()
                   throws java.lang.Exception

Perform a parse with debugging output. This does exactly the same things as parse(), except that it calls debug_shift() and debug_reduce() when shift and reduce moves are taken by the parser and produces various other debugging messages.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

error_recovery

protected boolean error_recovery(boolean debug)
                          throws java.lang.Exception

Attempt to recover from a syntax error. This returns false if recovery fails, true if it succeeds. Recovery happens in 4 steps. First we pop the parse stack down to a point at which we have a shift out of the top-most state on the error Symbol. This represents the initial error recovery configuration. If no such configuration is found, then we fail. Next a small number of "lookahead" or "parse ahead" Symbols are read into a buffer. The size of this buffer is determined by error_sync_size() and determines how many Symbols beyond the error must be matched to consider the recovery a success. Next, we begin to discard Symbols in attempt to get past the point of error to a point where we can continue parsing. After each Symbol, we attempt to "parse ahead" though the buffered lookahead Symbols. The "parse ahead" process simulates that actual parse, but does not modify the real parser's configuration, nor execute any actions. If we can parse all the stored Symbols without error, then the recovery is considered a success. Once a successful recovery point is determined, we do an actual parse over the stored input -- modifying the real parse configuration and executing all actions. Finally, we return the the normal parser to continue with the overall parse.

Parameters:

debug - should we produce debugging messages as we parse.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

shift_under_error

protected boolean shift_under_error()

Determine if we can shift under the special error Symbol out of the state currently on the top of the (real) parse stack.

find_recovery_config

protected boolean find_recovery_config(boolean debug)

Put the (real) parse stack into error recovery configuration by popping the stack down to a state that can shift on the special error Symbol, then doing the shift. If no suitable state exists on the stack we return false

Parameters:

debug - should we produce debugging messages as we parse.

read_lookahead

protected void read_lookahead()
                       throws java.lang.Exception

Read from input to establish our buffer of "parse ahead" lookahead Symbols.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

cur_err_token

protected Symbol cur_err_token()

Return the current lookahead in our error "parse ahead" buffer.

advance_lookahead

protected boolean advance_lookahead()

Advance to next "parse ahead" input Symbol. Return true if we have input to advance to, false otherwise.

restart_lookahead

protected void restart_lookahead()
                          throws java.lang.Exception

Reset the parse ahead input to one Symbol past where we started error recovery (this consumes one new Symbol from the real input).

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

try_parse_ahead

protected boolean try_parse_ahead(boolean debug)
                           throws java.lang.Exception

Do a simulated parse forward (a "parse ahead") from the current stack configuration using stored lookahead input and a virtual parse stack. Return true if we make it all the way through the stored lookahead input without error. This basically simulates the action of parse() using only our saved "parse ahead" input, and not executing any actions.

Parameters:

debug - should we produce debugging messages as we parse.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

parse_lookahead

protected void parse_lookahead(boolean debug)
                        throws java.lang.Exception

Parse forward using stored lookahead Symbols. In this case we have already verified that parsing will make it through the stored lookahead Symbols and we are now getting back to the point at which we can hand control back to the normal parser. Consequently, this version of the parser performs all actions and modifies the real parse configuration. This returns once we have consumed all the stored input or we accept.

Parameters:

debug - should we produce debugging messages as we parse.

Throws:

java.lang.Exception

unpackFromStrings

protected static short[][] unpackFromStrings(java.lang.String[] sa)

Utility function: unpacks parse tables from strings